Process And Project Systems Construction Essay

appendage And Project Systems eddy EssayInfluential Govt reports presented by Latham (Latham 1994) and Egan (Egan 1998) which stressed the aim of change in verbalism fabrication, improving current practices and processes screen the lifecycle of the get off. Despite various initiatives the diligence still lags behind and demands of end subr breakiners remain far from being achieved. The formula industry being a process base industry (Halpin 1993) Kagioglou et al. (1998) level out that these issues argon associate to process, and not product (Goulding and Alshawi 2002). On the said guidelines efforts are being carried out by standardizing the craping processes, delimit responsibilities not in just construction phase nevertheless from inception to post completion.The report aims to find out advantages and disadvantages of mournful towards Generic bearing and kink Process protocol in the context of CTG bulge out. For the purpose evaluation the current processes and s ub processes in CTG are mapped using firstly by RIBA scheme of take to the woods rewrite 2007 version incorporating single interpret externalize build urge later the same processes are mapped by using Process Protocol. An effort has been make to apply 8 principles of Process Protocol to CTG bewilder.1.1 Introduction facial expression is a process based industry (Halpin 1993).1.2 Scope of the GTC ProjectThe brief shows that the segment for descent Innovation and Skills ( thickening) needs a high-tech office multifactorial (CTG) to house world class super calculating machines for nuclear foundation staff. Selected settle for the project is in Liverpool, Uk. As per the statistics Total Building Cost 50,000,000, Project Size 20,000 sqm, Built Up Area 10,000,000 sqft The activities that are twisting to carried out the end result are Pre-design/ fancyning Activities, Design Activities, Construction Activities and Operation / Main disco biscuitance Activities.1.3 Project Ob jectives of CTGAchieving following objectives is crucial for the success of CTG project, 1) Design-to achieve balance in safety, security efficiency, lifecycle costs and running(a) conditions. 2) Accessibility-To achieve compliance with every last(predicate) state requirements. 3) Aesthetics-to generate excitement and enthusiasm in new staff recruits.4) Cost effectiveness-to achieve cost certainty. 5) Energy- efficiency as electricity used annually is 7,000 KWh. 6) Security-to make sure that the world class facility to construct and test super computers is under an extremely secured environment. 7) Sustainability-To achieve environmental goals using recyclable materials and overcoming concerns in terms of water and power. 8) Quality to achieve quality in terms of design, function and service provided. 9) Time-to achieve completion of the project within two years, the cartridge clip given by the client. Throughout the process procedure it has been taken care that these objectiv es are being achieved. Though through use of Process Protocol it was very easy to see in the process map that these objectives are being satisfied but through process mapping of CTG through RIBA it was not.1.4 Project and Processes in Construction and in CTGProjectThe project can be defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to constrain aunique product (PMBOK).ProcessThe process has been defined in number of ship direction and with perspectives, Hammer defines process as a related convocation of tasks that together create a result of value to a customer (Lecture Notes,2010). However (Koskela 2000) argues production processes, need to be analysed not only as transformations but also as flows and as value generation (Koskela 2000).2. CHAPTER -2 RIBA computer program of work for Mapping a Process in CTG (from contructors point of view) (RIBA 2007 plan of work stages)2.1 The priming for choosing RIBA proposal of work for MappingRIBA plan of work identifies the steps through whic h any construction project must pass (Hughes 2001), also it describes a ordered sequence of action and describes duties of various parties at according to various stages of the project (Wilkinson and Gupta 2005). RIBA plan of work is widely used manikin by the construction industry in UK and the updated 2007 plan incorporates various procurement practices (design build in CTG case) and risk management (Phillips,2008).2.2 Introduction to RIBA plan of workIn an attempt to standardise the project process RIBA first introduced plan of work in 1963. The plan helps in organizing complete process in a sequence with required overlap where necessary. It starts slump from appraisal stage through construction till end use, this process is divided into key fruit work stages, depending upon the procurement method sequence of work stages whitethorn change and may overlap. RIBA 2007 plan of work stages are as followsPreparationa. Stage A ideab. Stage B Design BriefDesignc. Stage C Concept d. Stage D Design Developmente. Stage E Technical DesignPreconstructionf. Stage F Production education make out Stage F1 Acquiring necessary approvals, preparing details of production for tendering.Sub Stage F2 g. Stage G cutter Documentationh. Stage H Tender ActionSub Stage H1 Identification of potential asserters, consultants and suppliers.Sub Stage H2 Evaluating tenders and awarding contracts to the selected.Constructioni. Stage J Mobilizationj. Stage K Construction to practical completionUsek. Stage L Post practical completionSub Stage L1 ensuring product delivered according to specification, and carrying out final inspections.Sub Stage L2 Review overall project performance, and the feedback provided by the end user.RIBA plan of work of single stage tender for Design and Build contract.Fig RIBA Plan of Work for Design and Build contract, Single Stage Tender, (www.architcture.com)2.3 Mapping the Process in CTG, using RIBA plan of work (from the Constructors point of view)Stage A Appraisal / Inception for CTGDepartment for technology and skills (owner) appointed a cross functional teams to identify the clients needs and objectives, and possible constraints. Understanding the clients nature of business setting the requirements safety, security, efficiency, lifecycle cost, operative conditions, aesthetics, and future expansion needs (techno reproducible physical) Activities or Tasks Identify procurement type (Single stage Design Build contract)Stage B Feasibility of CTGCross functional team and clients representatives prepare a project outline as per the clients requirement to meet the project objectives. Carrying out feasibility studies of the project from technical, functional and financial point of view. Activities or Tasks As per project requirements involve rules regulation, site conditions, neighbourhood surveys, market research, supply, costing, engage specialist consultant/s (computer expert)Stage C Concept / delimit Proposal of CTG Parties involved Design team, QS, engineers, specialist. Purpose of stage Clarify clients ideas, suggesting or advising him better alternatives, giving client idea about the future growths in the project. Activities or TasksStage D Design and Planning for the CTG Parties involved Design team and specialist contractor for check buildability of design, QS, IT consultant. Purpose of stage Activities or TasksStage G Tender Documentation and Bill of Quantities Parties involved Design team, QS, and client representative. Purpose of stageStage E Detail Design for CTG Parties involved Specialist design firm, QS, specialist contractor and client representative. Purpose of stageStage H Tender Action for CTG Parties involved a cross functional team, engineers, QS, design team, contractors, client representatives. Purpose of stage Identify contractors to carry out the project. Activities or Tasks Holding pretender briefing for prospective contractors on the project for putting forwa rd medical prognosis of client and clearing doubts of them. H1 Evaluation and identification of contractors to carry out CTG project. H2 contractors giving feedback / suggestions on tender or project to the client.Stage F Production info Parties involved Architect, QS, specialist contractor, and engineers. Purpose of stage Getting ready for onsite production and last gateway to make major changes in design. Activities or Tasks finalizing the design and related specifications, obtaining the required permissions, detail costing and scheduling.Stage J Mobilization for CTG Parties involved Main contractor, sub contractors. Purpose of stage meeting place required resources to start the work on site. Activities or Tasks Site preparation (clearing, fencing, establishing water/electricity, site office, residential facility for workers, health and safety unit). Preparing site conditions to commence the construction.Stage K Construction to Practical Completion of CTG Parties involved M ain contractor, sub contractors, architect, QS, engineers, client representatives. Purpose of stage Execute on site operations as per planned. Activities or Tasks carrying out construction works till practical completion of CTG building.Stage L Post Practical Completion Parties involved Client representatives, contractor, sub contractor, QS, architect, engineers. Purpose of stage Handing over of CTG facility completing all obligations. Activities or Tasks clearing the site of any left behind materials, rectifying any defects, rechecking the facilities provided, and settling the accounts with client and sub contractor/suppliers,Stage M Feedback from CTG Parties involved Client representatives, employees working in CTG, sub contractors, supply chain. Purpose of stage analyse the throughout project performance and subscribe from it (making of learning organization) Activities or Tasks preparing reports evaluating delivered performances against planned. Checking whether project meet s its objectives and client requirements.3. Chapter 3 The Process Protocol3.1 Introduction to Process ProtocolIn an attemptProcess Protocol is process-driven sit around of the design and construction process, which is primarily based on vanquish practice manufacturing new product development (NPD) (Kagioglou, Cooper et al. 1999).Process Protocol consists of following ten phases covering life cycle of the projecta. Pre Project Stage This stage relates to understanding the client and business needs. It also emphasises on issues such as need for This stage consist of following phases 1) Phase 0- Demonstrating the need 2) Phase 1- Conception of need 3) Phase 2- Outline feasibility 4) Phase 3- Substantive feasibility study and outline financial authority.b. Pre Construction Stage This stage consist of following phases 1) Phase 4- Outline conceptual design 2) Phase 5- Full conceptual design 3) Phase 6- Production design, procurement and full financial authorityc. Construction Stage T his stage predominantly focuses on two phases 1) Phase 7- Production entropy 2) Phase 8- Constructiond. Post Construction Stage Phase 9- Operation and maintenance3.2. Mapping the Process in CTG using Process ProtocolThe computer aided software Microsoft Visio is used to draw Process Protocol maps, which is used to map the processes in CTG. The map includes activities carried out by cross functional team appointed by CTG which has carried out preliminary project work (phase0-5) and further (phase 6-9) activities undertaken by G C Ltd (appendix ). Hence phases (6-9) have been considered for mapping the sub processes. (appendix )3.3 applications programme of Eight Key Principles of Process Protocol in CTG full-length Project View CTG to house high tech computers for nuclear design staff, hence issues such as balance safety, security, working conditions a retentive with lifecycle cost, sustainability, and need for flexibility to address advancement in technology need to be considered throughout the four stages of project to accomplish desired outcomes of the CTGProgressive Design Fixity The phase review involves discussions, meetings, brainstorming sessions to review about accomplished work, this stage could contribute significantly in progressively fixing or finding design solutions also help in predicting the construction works and upcoming issues.A Consistent Process Process protocol provides a standard approach to performance measurement, evaluation, and control pass on facilitate the process of continual improvement in design and construction which may benefit the future projects of CTG undertaken by G C Ltd.Stakeholder Involvement / Teamwork As the value is determined by the customer, involvement of CTG representatives, employees who would be using the CTG should be involved in the design process along with different stakeholders such as municipal council, planning authority, defence committee, environmental dept, local community, fire and safety dept, worldwide community need to be involved to have timely communication, foster team working, and building trust. Such involvement would reduce design alteration, rework tribulation to do so could lead to considerable budget escalation.Co-ordination Addressing the fragmentation issue raised by Latham (1994), effective coordination between G C Ltd, sub contractor, suppliers, other specialist is all important(predicate) for improving overall productivity in CTG. Activity regularises in PP help in achieving it through process manager represents the responsibility of all(prenominal) and every bodily process so it is easy to co-ordinate people for each particular application.Feedback process protocol helps in getting feedbacks in two ways 1) Phase review It records and update the project experiences throughout the process and inform next/later phases whether to increase or decrease resources next phase of CTG 2) bequest file away it records, documents the experiences throughout th e process which aid in continual improvement in future projects of CTG and G C Ltd.Process flexibility Customizable process It enables to put to work in flexibility according to the objectives of CTG, issues such as security, sustainability could be added while some irrelevant processes could be deleted.3.4 Activity Zones in CTG activity zones are multifunctional representing coordinate set of tasks and processes which support and guide works towards common objective. At the same time earlier identification and involvement of concerned parties throughout the lifecycle process of CTG contributes significantly to success (Kagioglou, Cooper et al. 1998)Development circumspection is responsible for creating and maintaining business focus among CTG representatives, contractors, financers, other stakeholders, and GC Ltd. (Cooper, Aouad et al. 2005)Project focussing is an agent of the development management activity zone and is responsible for effective implementation of CTG project. This activity zone involves project management professionals of GC Ltd, and client representatives.Resource ManagementIncludes planning, co-ordination, procurement and monitoring of all financial, human and material resources in CTG. It involves (Development Management establishes the overall budget)Design Management is responsible for design process and business case of CTG and its project brief into an allow for product definition. Involving GC Ltd, suppliers of materials/components, sub contractors, cross functional design team, representatives from production, facility, development, project management and health and safety, statutory and legal management activity zones.Production Management The activities all that are related to the execution of the building on the site, this activity zone effectively communicates with the other zones during this execution period (Cooper, Aouad et al. 2005).Facility management Issues concerning the facilities eg. servers, computer systems duri ng the project are dealt in this activity zone.Health and safety, Statutory and Legal Management is responsible for the identification, consideration, and management of all regulatory, statutory and environmental aspects of CTG project.Process Management develops and operationalises process protocol. It is responsible for planning and monitoring each phase in CTG.Change Management is responsible for effectively communicating changes to all relevant activity zones for development and legacy archive in CTG.3.4.1 Introduction of Sustainability Management in Activity ZonesThe built environment contribute significantly to the climate change and health of environment through the materials used, decisions about site, electricity and water usage, and landscape surroundings (Younger, Morrow-Almeida et al. 2008) they go on further to suggest the built environment components may palliate climate change, promote adaptation, and improve public health. SMAZ was developed first in the form of a t able (Khalfan et. al., 2003) and then further refined into an activity zone within the Process Protocol, implementing it in the same format (Shelbourn, Bouchlaghem et al. 2006). Sustainability being one of the main objectives in CTG introduction of SMAZ could help in achieving it.3.5 Deliverables in CTG4. Chapter 4 (Potential advantages and disadvantages of woful towards Process Protocol)4.1.1 Critical Appraisal of Current methods of working RIBA plan of work and Process ProtocolThe RIBA plan of work is looked as design and management framework considering architect in the lead role (Osmani, Glass et al. 2008). It perceives construction process from design team/s point of view hence it restricts from being generic wine enough for application of complex and large construction works such as CTG. Shortcomings of the plan in terms of activity zones, phase reviews, legal archive etc. were noticed while mapping the process for CTG. While Process Protocol presents a generic implementati on guidelines.(Kagioglou, Cooper et al. 1998) it can be utilise in a flexible manner across construction projects, teams and client needs with benefits being clearly measured(Tzortzopoulos, Sexton et al. 2005).RIBA plan of work represents a logical sequence of events and his linear fashion of management could not accommodate the concurrent working practice in construction projects (Learning package 3).4.3 Advantages of moving towards Process Protocola. Stakeholders Involvement In a large and complex project such as CTG involving number of professionals from different disciplines (architect, engineers, contractors, QS ) makes it essential to know whom they are and would be working with in the later stages of the project, this builds team work, trust, brings in transparency consequently reducing chances of stalemates and litigations. Also extending it to the employees of CTG which would be ultimately can contribute significantly to the success of project.b. Whole Process view and Pro gressive Design Fixity via Stage gate ApproachProcess Protocol and RIBA suggest to look at the project from pre project, pre -construction, construction and post completion phases deviating from traditional methods where pre project and post completion phases received negligible attention. Design fixity via stage gate approach enables continuous planning and review procedures throughout the project (Cooper, Aouad et al. 2005)c. Phase Reviews Reviewing the output after each phase before getting on with the subsequent phase helps in gathering feedback which is useful for making future decisions or to make appropriate resources available. They provide a good learning experience. RIBA plan of work lacks this characteristic of process protocol.d. legacy Archive This is another feature of Process protocol lacking in RIBA. Throughout the project huge amount of information is generated, legacy archive helps in storing and making it available when required. As (Aouad, Hinks et al. 1998) sta te the legacy archive ensures that best practice is captured and re-used which would benefit during the project and post project to G C Ltd.Disadvantages of moving towards Process ProtocolThere are very few disadvantages of mapping the process through process protocol which are 1) The use of PP proves too complex and unnecessary for small construction project (single house) where mapping of such depth is not required, not many parties are involved. 2) The awareness of such software at this stage in market is very low, not many companies in practice use or know how to use it, which put limitations if its use. 3) Like RIBA revised plan PP lacks special provision for various contracting methods, tendering process. 4) Too much detailing involved in each phase where not so important activity may get un callable weight age which can be misleading.5. Chapter 5 (Key production activities in CTG, identifying value adding and non value adding activities)5.1 IntroductionIn recent years produ ction is viewed from transformation view and flow view these two major aspects, which many argue should be synthesized into a new a priori view on construction (Koskela 1999). The production in CTG can be analyzed as waste and valueKey Production Activities in CTGa. in force(p) PlanningMaking optimum use of the available resources. 2) Required specialist and material / products (pre fabricated components) are made available at right time. 3) guardianship enough buffer periods between activities. 4) Managing overlaps using the principles of concurrent engineering. 5) Use of environmentally friendly materials, techniques are used which would benefit the environment and building in long run. 6) Review physical, financial progress, monitoring and controlling it. 7) Breakdown the work packages for managing the project.b. Cost Controlling during constructionForecast the budget for executing the CTG project. 2) Estimate costs for key as well as small work packages. 3) Regular audits to check expenditure committed and needed to complete the works.c. Coordinating and Communicating1)5.2 Value adding activities in CTGValue is generated through a process of negotiation between customer ends and means (Ballard and Howell 1998). One of the ways in which value can be added is by increasing the function and at the same time keeping cost same (Egbu, 2009).G C have undertaken the value management from winning the contract through the lifecycle of the project.Capturing requirements in clearly defining objectives. 2) Checking track record using competitive tenders in selecting sub contractors and suppliers. 3) Clear allocation of responsibilities and risks to avoid any mix-up and litigation in the future. 4) Planning effectively and efficiently so at no point work is halted due to any reason. 5) Keeping contingency plan for works and cost eg. 6) Using JIT for very expensive high tech computers and servers to avoid double handling and damage. 7) green architecture concepts to reduce energy manipulation in building (appendix) 8) Use of photovoltaic cells, Blooms Energy Server (appendix) to reduce dependence on external supply of electricity. 9) Methods such as rainwater harvest-festival to be used, treated water (from water treatment plants) to be used to cool down servers, gardening. 9) Excavated soil to be used to create landscape which will provide zero waste. 10) suspended ceilings to be used to accommodate heavy electrical wiring. 11) CTG hold 40 hour workshop for its employees on value management.5.3 wasteful activities in CTGWaste is anything that creates no value for the owner/end-user (CTG), it is somethingdesigners, constructors and clients want to eliminate because it creates no value for thecustomer and yet it is a cost to them (Mossman, 2009). Despite the best efforts and utmost precautions taken by G C there are likely to be some wastes or factors leading to it.1) Waste of time due to miscommunication. 2) Non working days such as nationa l holidays ( eg. 3rd May), union strikes 3) Untimely events such as rain, storm could stop the work. 4) Incorrect offsite manufacturing order which mismatches onsite component. 5) tautological of material lying on site consumes space, resources, chances of damage/theft 6) incorrect drawings for production could cost huge financially, rework and then manufacturing could cause time delays.5.4 skill of Identified Production Activity5.5 Tools and Principles Used for Value Adding and reducing Wasteful ActivitiesMaterial Requirement PlanningIn a complex project as CTG, involving number work packages requires huge quantity and various types of materials and products at necessary stages of construction. It avoids excessive (unnecessary) stack of inventory by controlling the flow of inventory it optimizes the example of labour and machines used in the project (Waller 2003).Last PlannerLean productionPrinciples of lean production such as just in time which focuses on eliminating waste and producing or making available just when needed. Eliminating waste would help in driving up the overall quality of CTG and procuring just on time would help in reducing excess inventory save space in city surroundings of Liverpool. =7AIBx6. Chapter 6 (Conclusion and Recommendation)http//www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleListURL_method=list_ArticleListID=1262271380view=c_acct=C000047642_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=8579047md5=b83cadfeeccb8117982b84fa9b7980a5Aouad, G., J. Hinks, et al. (1998). An IT map for a generic design and construction process protocol. ledger of Construction Procurement 4(1) 132-151.Ballard, G. and G. Howell (1998). What kind of production is construction.Cooper, R., G. Aouad, et al. (2005). Process management in design and construction, Wiley-Blackwell.Egan, J. (1998). Rethinking Construction (the Egan Report). Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, HMSO.Goulding, J. and M. Alshawi (2002). Generic and specific IT training a process p rotocol model for construction. Construction Management and Economics 20(6) 493-505.Halpin, D. (1993). Process-based research to meet the international challenge. Journal of construction engineering and management 119(3) 415-425.Hughes, W. (2001). Evaluating plans of work. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management 8(4) 272-283.Kagioglou, M., R. Cooper, et al. (1998). A generic guide to the design and construction process protocol.Kagioglou, M., R. Cooper, et al. (1999). Re-engineering the UK construction industry The process protocol.Kagioglou, M., R. Cooper, et al. (1998). Cross-industry learning the development of a generic design and construction process based on stage/gate new product development processes found in the manufacturing industry.Koskela, L. (1999). Management of production in construction a theoretical view, Citeseer.Koskela, L. (2000). An exploration towards a production theory and its application to construction. VTT PUBLICATIONS.Latham, S. (1994). Con structing the Team The Latham Report. HMSO, London.Osmani, M., J. Glass, et al. (2008). Architects perspectives on construction waste reduction by design. Waste management 28(7) 1147-1158.Shelbourn, M., D. Bouchlaghem, et al. (2006). Managing knowledge in the context of sustainable construction. ITcon 11 57-71.Tzortzopoulos, P., M. Sexton, et al. (2005). Process models implementation in the construction industry a literature synthesis. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management 12(5) 470.Waller, D. (2003). Operations management a supply chain approach, International Thomson Business Press.Wilkinson, S. and S. Gupta (2005). The Adaptability of the RIBA Plan of Work with the Design and Build Procurement Option. Construction Information Quarterly 7(1) 6-9.Younger, M., H. Morrow-Almeida, et al. (2008). The Built Environment, Climate Change, and Health. Am J Prev Med 35(5).Mossman, A. (2009). Creating value a sufficient way to eliminate waste in lean designand lean production. Lean Construction Journal, 13-23.www.processprotocol.comwww.architecture.comhttp//www.ribapublishing.com/publications/practicemanagement/planworkmulti.aspQuery and Assumption SheetQueryAssumptionType of a ContractStage of the ProjectDesign and Build (Single Stage)Pre Construction stage including detail DesignAppendix Process Mapping in CTG using RIBA Plan of WorkAppendix Process Mapping in CTG using Process ProtocolBlooms Energy Server (appendix). its a new invention that generate electricity Built with patented solid oxide fuel cell technology, Blooms Energy Server is a new class of distributed power generator, producing clean, reliable, affordable electricity at the site

The History of Ideology

The History of IdeologyIts easy to say that ideology is something that belongs to mind, or to words that are easier to understand than to think. Thinking is what we do every day this is the counseling I answered the question related to ideology. So in this essay, I will take a deeper look at the term ideology in of Marxism and wherefore his idea is famous in anti-capitalism.Ideology is a system of perspectives, ideas, and these built on a philosophical foundation through a consistent worldview and methodology. They deliver the will and aspirations of a class, people, formed by individual practices, and impale to direct the training, to improve reality. Any thought is due to the physical conditions of life, the social order and the aspect of the material situation of the secular regime. Since the emergence of private ownership and associated with it the division of nightclub into classes domination and power, oppression and oppression In social consciousness withal began to ap pear and constantly develop ideas expressing the opposition of interests, the struggle between classes. I will refute this view as follows as I cannot point to each person and say I have no idea. Maybe the thoughts in his head did not form a scholastic system, or it consisted of the fragmented separate of different academic theories. But not so that I was entitled to say that he has no idea at each(prenominal). For example, when it comes to accepting a finicky set of problems A B C D E, he all resolves to take AB, but refuses to recognize C D, and ignores E Then we say that he has conservative thoughts. Apparently, thinking has been transformed into action that does not exist in the literary form anymore. Thus, one can say that thought not only exists in the shape of educational theoretical systems but that it only makes it easy to approach thought.Zizek has explained his idea of ideology through a trash can or can understand that a system, he explained that ideology let us be c ontrolled inside a system (Japhy, 2017, 3/2). But he also emphasized the importance of ideology that they give human motivation a reason to exist in life. Later, major ideas in the world were used to play up the two great ideas capitalist, and communist. Its the model that states in the world are doing. And through propaganda activities in all forms such as the media, no matter what the issue is, is a message to make sure that the ideology is still favored by the people while under control. (Japhy, 2017, 3/2)Zizek also explained the vitality, the existence of the capitalist saving on how to promote such strength. He argues that it is the competitive market that is a emancipate market, so firms will always want to reach out to and get along the consumer. That this product is better than the competitors product. It is the consumers appetite that take ins a circulation for the developed market when the consumers desire is endless. The more you drink, the thirstier you get. This has created an impetus that invisibly promotes the market in creating jobs for the working-class. Ideology is to be dumb as fetishism. It is used as a material to control human thinking and their beliefs. And that is the origin of capitalism. It gives money power to control people. They are willing to do everything to get it. Because of the obvious truth, the human is living in the secular age. That everything can be traded together. And that is one of the features of capitalism when it raises the issue of a free market where advertize is cashed (Japhy, 2017, 10/2). But Marx also posed a problem that was the imbalance of capitalism. Smith argued that the individuals by-line of self-interest would lead to an outcome beneficial to all, whereas Marx argued that the pursuit of self-interest would lead to anarchy, crisis, and the dissolution of the private property-based system itself. . . . Smith spoke of the invisible hand guiding individual, self-interested agents to perform those actions that would be, despite their lack of c oncern for such an outcome, socially optimal for Marxism the simile is the iron fist of competition, pulverizing the workers and making them worse off than they would be in another feasible system, namely, one based on the social or public ownership of property (Roemer 1988, 2-3). But Marx also posed a problem that was the imbalance of capitalism. Because life is not balanced, there is a difference in class. Marx argues that this difference is due to the capitalist class, or the employer, who values the labor force, not in proportion to what the worker pays. On the contrary, the products are interchange at high prices beyond the affordability of employees. And then the question is why the money is just a symbolic, unrealistic value that is represented by the numbers on paper but is so influential in human life. aft(prenominal) Marx pointed out the basics of capitalism, launched the world workers movement, through the struggles of worke rs, of national liberation movements, Capitalism had self-correcting, economic and political theories born in the twentieth century have significantly contributed to changing the face of capitalism. In 1990 at a Paris symposium on Marx, the invited prexy stated that Marx was the savior of capitalism for pointing out its fundamental errors. Actually, about form, capitalism has changed a lot. But the nature of capitalism cannot be modified. That nature is a utile, profitable way, including the adoption of political and military activities. Instead of forming a direct domination, capitalism creates an entirely democratically controlled state that is completely dependent on the political economy.Karl Marx argues that collectivism will be the final stage of history, achieved through a proletarian revolution. In communist society, decisions about what to produce and pursue policies are democratically chosen, allowing all members of society to participate in decision-making in both are as, political and economic. The production and distribution of wealth are reasonably made among citizens. Karl Marx never described in detail how communism would function as a socio-economic system, but it was understood that a communist economy would be based on the idea of follow share among its citizens. Marx asserts that the only way to solve these problems is by the working class (proletarians), who according to Marx are the main force that produces material wealth in society and are privately owned. The exploitative (bourgeois) empire stands up as a ruling class in place of the bourgeoisie to establish a free society, regardless of class or race. The state representing workers who have been organized into the dominant class will control the means of production for the benefit of society. Marx does not create what is now called communism. But the idea of producing and distributing wealth equitably carried out among citizens gives each other confidence in the proletariat or lab or. Which it goes against the concept of capitalism at that time. Marxism became more popular and viral after Lenin successfully applied his theory and his idea. Marxism-Leninism was widely acknowledged in socialist countries such as the Soviet magnetic north or China and Vietnam today. When Leninism-Stalinism suddenly adopted the term proletarian ideology in the late 1920s in order to designate not the whirl of proletarian consciousness under the pressure of bourgeois ideology but the very subjective driving force of proletarian revolutionary activity, this shift in the notion of ideology was strictly correlative to the reinterpretation of Marxism itself as an impartial objective science (Zizek, Mapping Ideology 9).At the time of Marx, due to the influence of the revolutions in atomic number 63 and the Americas, people resorted to violent means of seizing power to deal with socio-economic problems without seeing the power. A lot of peaceful solutions by compromise and dialogue. M arx criticized and denied utopian socialism for its disaster as a testimony to the need for socialist revolution. Violent revolutionary measures can give a very immediate result when the public is incite to stand up for the revolution. But it will endure massive social losses for a long time, and When it is necessary to restrain the revolution and bring it back to a peaceful and friendly state, it is tough and time-consuming and enormous loss. Nonviolent peace measures, though slowly and seemingly ineffective, can, in fact, resolve the conflict once the conflict is ripe because society is the totality of communal forces. Assembly and forces are in need of each other, so they can adjust themselves to deal with conflicts. After the death of Marx, the world has changed profoundly, and there have emerged effective methods of peaceful struggle through institutions such as unions, social organizations, social media, and religion. As one mordacious critic put it, In the name of human pr ogress, Marx has probably caused more death, misery, degradation and despair than any man who ever lived (Downs 1983, 299).1487 wordsBibliographyDowns, Robert B. 1983. Books That Changed the World. 2d ed. impudent York Penguin.Roemer, John E. 1988. Free to Lose. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.Skousen, Mark. The Big Three In Economics. 1st ed. Armonk, N.Y. M.E. Sharpe, 2007. Print.

Labor Supply Responses to Taxes and Transfer Payments Essay -- America

A good understanding of labor hang on reactions to tax and transfer policies is necessary for achieving related policy goals. Income support programs peg down to alleviate poverty and create a more equitable society. However, the reaction of the labor supply can derail the intended results and need to be guardedly evaluated for telling policy. Economic theory suggests that as taxes and transfer payments increase, the amount of hours and/or number of employees will decrease (Borjas 2005). The exception is transfer payments with work requirements, where the labor supply moves in the same direction as benefits. In the labor market, individuals have two basic choices how many hours to work (intensive), and whether or not to work at all (extensive). If the labor supply has largely intensive reactions, certain types of programs, such as food stamps, are most effective, when EITC type programs are more effective for extensive reactions. Government tax and transfer policies affect the la bor supply because when the real wage changes the labor supply reacts. This paper will look at the response of the U.S. labor supply to changes in taxes and transfer payments. It will determine if the response is concentrated towards intensive or extensive margins and observe the direction and order of magnitude of the changes. Understanding labor supply responses is crucial for governments desiring to reach intended policy goals.Labor market behavior can have significant long trace effects on potential output. According to the Congressional Budget Office, the size and quality of the labor force, capital stock, and the efficiency of production, determine a countrys potential output. When policies influence relevant factors, such as the size of the labor force, the... ...e to participate at a paid wage lower than they would typically require. much people working expands the tax base while reducing the amount of transferred income. The government is able to collect more revenue and still provide a guaranteed income level. (Dickert et al.1995 Browning 1995). EITC type programs can help the government achieve its objectives with minimal negative effects to the economy. Not all labor markets have identical sizes or types of responses to government decisions. The direction and magnitude of each response will inform policy makers about optimal decisions. Section II of this paper reviews the empirical literature on tax and transfer policies and the labor market. Section III discusses the methodology. Section IV summarizes the results of this study. Section V presents the conclusion as well as identifies areas for advertise research.

Distinguishing Between Good and Bad Fats in the Human Diet Essay

Contrary to public belief, not all plentifuls that we consume are bad. Similar to our lesson in complex carbohydrates and added sugars, the key is to be able to mark off the good from the bad, as well as to learn ways to select leaner food products more wisely and to moderate our total daily fat intake.The fats that are considered bad are the saturated and trans-fatty acids, which are both associated with raising LDL cholesterol (Whitney & Rolfes, 2005, pg 159). An elevated level of LDL cholesterol is linked with artherosclerosis, a plaque formation in arterial walls that causes stiffening and the loss of elasticity in their smooth muscle (Marieb & Hoehn, 2007, pg 980). Plaque formations not only pose change magnitude risk for stroke and heart attack, but they also cause a narrowing of the blood flow through arterial vessels and raise blood pressure level (Whitney & Rolfes, 2005, pg 159). In order to prevent the potential for such a trickle down, domino effect towards increasin g ones likelihood for cardiovascular disease, we washstand intentionally try to avoid intake of food sources that contain saturated fats, such as whole milk, butter, cheese, fatty cuts of beef and pork, and tropical coconut and medal oils in addition to products containing trans fats, including vegetable shortening, margarine, imitation cheese, and meat and dairy products (Whitney & Rolfes, 2005, pg 159). Baked goods, fried foods, and snack chips may also include trans-fats in their ingredients or cooking method. Considerable reduction, replacement, or complete omission of these bad fats from the diet could make a significant difference in preventing these deadly heart diseases.Conversely, the monounsaturated fats (in olive, canola and peanut oils avocados) ... ...ds (McMurry, Castellion, & Ballantine, 2007, pg 748). At room temperature, saturated fats (i.e. lard, butter, bacon grease) solidify because their hydrocarbon chains are stable and can pack in concert (McMurry, Castel lion, & Ballantine, 2007, pg 770). Plant-derived polyunsaturated fats (sunflower, safflower, soybean, and corn oils) are unstable and remain in liquid form at room temperature, because of the rigid kinks of the cis double bonds (McMurry, Castellion, & Ballantine, 2007, pg 752). The more double bonds that a polyunsaturated fat contains, the less it is able to bind together as a solid (McMurry, Castellion, & Ballantine, 2007, pg 752). Other than identifying foods having the bad saturated or trans-fats with safe food containing the beneficial good fats, the difference between the two finally is found within the molecular structures of fatty acids.

Essay on the Character of Offred in The Handmaids Tale

The Character of Offred in The Handmaids Tale         Offred is one of the main characters in The Handmaids Tale. She was the faithful wife of Luke, mother of an eleven month old child and a working woman, before she entered the Republic of Gilead. She was given the name Offred, when she entered Gilead. This was to make it known that she was a handmaid. Offred becomes psychologic altogethery programmed in Gilead as a handmaid, and the mistress of the commander who is in power of all things. She was used for her ovaries to reproduce a child, because they are living in an age where birth rates are declining. Offred was ordered by Serena pleasure, the handmaids free wife who develops some jealousy and begrudge towards her to become the lover of Nick. Nick is the family chauffeur, and Offred becomes deeply in love with him. At the end of all the confusion, mixed emotions, jealousy, envy and chaos towards her, she escapes the Republic of Gilead. Offre d is given treatment and advantages by the commander that none of the there handmaids are given. During the times the commander and Offred were seeing each other secretly, he began to develop some feelings for her that he tried to hide. Somewhere along the times when Offred and the commander began having secret meetings with each other, Offred too began to develop some feelings for the commander. Offred is also a special handmaid, because she has actually experienced love, the satisfaction of having a child years before. She knows what it is to feel loved, to be in love and to have someone love you. That is all when she has knowledge, a job, a family and money of her own. That is when her life was complete. Because all of that has been taken away from... ...adnt noticed..... (p. 209). Touching was forbidden during the ceremony and showed a sign of emotion and enjoyment, in which he was not supposed to do at all. He had just been caught up in the moment and almost forgot about Seren a Joy, his poor barren wife. Offred had been though many an(prenominal) mixed feelings throughout this entire book. She has been able to feel, experience and thinks thoughts that she had not ever imagined that she would have. Offred can not escape the fact that in spite of the treatment from Serena Joy and the commander, that they both will have if not already have an impact on her life. Not to mention Nick also. Nick gave her the comfort and the security that she wanted, and at the end nothing done to her by the commander or his wife mattered to her. Living in the Republic of Gilead will always be a keeping that she will probably try to forget.  

Pluto: A Planet? Essays -- essays research papers fc

Pluto A Planet?Many issues have arisen from the debate whether or not Pluto is a planet. few astronomers say that Pluto should be classified as a minor planet due to its size, physical characteristics, and different factors. On the other hand, some astronomers take hold Plutos planet status, citing several key features.Indeed, most of the problem is that there is no formal definition of a planet. Furthermore, it is very difficult to give voice one that would allow the solar system to contain all nine planets. I suggest that for an object to be classified as a planet, it mustiness embody three characteristics. It must be in orbit around a star (thus removing the larger satellites from contention), it must be too small to obtain heat by nuclear fusion (so dwarf stars are excluded) and it must be massive enough to have collapsed to a more or less(prenominal) spherical shape (which excludes comets, and most of the asteroids). These criteria would admit a few of the larger asteroid s and probably some of the Kuiper belt objects as well, but adding a requirement for a planet to have a minimum diameter of 1,000 km would remove the larger asteroids from contention while retaining Pluto.Below are some brief reasons as to why Pluto may not be considered a planet with my rebuttal. Pluto is small compared to the other planets.Pluto is around half the size of the following(a) smallest planet, mercury. However, there is no scientific reason whatsoever to pick the size of Mercury as being the size of the smallest object to be called a planet. Mercury itself is less than half the size of Mars, and Mars is only about half the size of Earth or Venus. Earth and Venus are only about one-seventh the size of Jupiter. Why not pick one-tenth the size of Jupiter as the size of the smallest planet, if the cutoff is going to be chosen arbitrarily? In that case, Mars, Mercury and Pluto would all have to be classified as asteroids. If the size-cutoff between asteroids and planets is going to be randomly chosen, the cutoff value should be concord upon in open debate among interested scientists. Pluto is smaller than 7 moons in the solar system.Pluto is smaller than Earths Moon, Jupiters moons Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, Saturns moon Titan, and Neptunes moon Triton. On the other hand, Pluto is larger than the other 40 known moons in the solar system. There is no scientific reason to arbitrarily dis... ...Willem J. LuytenScience, New Series, Vol. 123, No. 3203. (May 18, 1956), pp. 896-897. invariable URL http//links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819560817%293%3A124%3A3216%3C322%3ATPP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-LThis site is very reliable. It is the pedantic ledger Archive.2. LettersThe Planet PlutoGerard P. KuiperScience, New Series, Vol. 124, No. 3216. (Aug. 17, 1956), p. 322.Stable URL http//links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819560817%293%3A124%3A3216%3C322%3ATPP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-LThis site is very reliable. It is the Scholarly Journal Archive.3. Research NewsP lanetary Scientists are Seeing the UnseeableRichard A. KerrScience, New Series, Vol. 235, No. 4784. (Jan. 2, 1987), pp. 29-31.Stable URL http//links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819870102%293%3A235%3A4784%3C29%3APSASTU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-LThis site is very reliable. It is the Scholarly Journal Archive.4. This is a site about Pluto. http//dosxx.colorado.edu/plutohome.html It is reliable since it is a part of an established academic institution.5. This is the NASA page for Pluto. http//pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/welcome/pluto.htm 6. Another site from NASA. http//imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/pluto.html

Film Terms :: essays research papers

I.Editinga.Termsi.Scenes are comprised of shots1.Any movieii.Editing is the joining of one shot to another1.Dialogue is the clearest exampleiii.An establishing shot shows a change in scene1.American Pie Showing the outside of Stifflers house before going into the party sceneiv.A shot is a segment of film1.Any Movieb.Historyi.Birth of A Nation was the first film to use extensive editingii.Who Framed Rodger hyrax? was the first film to use humans and animation togetheriii.Dances with Wolves won the academy award for editingII.Cinematographya.Termsi.Long Shot1. ground substance Lobby Sceneii.Full Shot1.Danny Devito walking down the hall in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nestiii.Close-up1.Any news show programiv.Extreme Close-up1.Waynes Worldv.Birds Eye View1.View of Russell Crowe on the horse in Gladiatorvi.Oblique Angle1.Gladiator chip scene with lionsvii.High Key Lighting1.Plays or Musicals (Broadway shows)viii.Low Key Lighting1.SevenIII.Sounda.Termsi.Boom1.Any coverage of a press con ference on a news programii.Mix1.The Graduateiii.Non-synchronous Sound1.Any music videob.Historyi.1910 the eidoloscope was developed by Eugene Lausteii.1921 Charles Home recorded speeches of President Calvin Coolidgeiii.1925 Warner bought Vitagraph Companyiv.1927 Jazz Singer premierv.1928 Steamboat Willy had Mickey Mouse voice synced with animationIV.Special makea.Termsi. obscure Screen1.The building explosion in The X-Files (the movie)ii.Computer Graphics1.Roman Coliseum in Gladiatoriii.Matte1.Chitty Chitty Bang Bangiv.Special Effects1.The Matrix (almost the entire movie)b.Historyi.1898 George Mles became the grandfather of special effects with his movie A Trip to the Moonii.1916 Frank Williams invented a traveling matte systemiii.1961 Ivan Sutherland invented the first computer graphics program called Sketchpad